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Editor's note: original was published in Russian "Independent Military Review . " of Worked Russia's in the Sea Fleet reserve officer , the incumbent Russia, Saratov local newspaper " Barbara Coward of the "deputy editor , the famous military journalist, long-term focus of China's military issues. This article focuses on China's naval strategy changes in the equipment building of , my naval the arms of weapons and equipment development status and prospects of are reviewed. This article of the author point of view, does not mean that magazine identity or confirm the true to sell sex .
Submarine force
China's sea-based strategic nuclear forces at present only a "Summer" class strategic nuclear submarines. The boat in 1987 service , the boat deployed on , " waves a 1 " medium-range submarine-launched ballistic missile. China for the development of the submarine and its missile made great efforts ( in the process supported by the French aid ), but the outcome is very limited. due to a fault Frequent , the boats most of the time moored at the base . of its missile technology The level with the United States in 1959 , " Polaris -1 "submarine-launched ballistic missile considerable . The range of the missile smaller , only 1,700 km (less than the first " Polaris "missile ) , China's ship strategic nuclear submarines can only of its neighboring countries and the Russian Far East pose a threat to , while the United States does not pose any threat, because it in the into missile launch Array Bit before the will the U.S. nuclear submarine sink .
It is reported that in 2004, China's four equipment " JL -2 " intercontinental submarine-launched ballistic missiles "big herring " class new missile submarine the first boats started sea trial . The boat can be China's coastal waters to the United States the implementation of to combat , but the Chinese people still need to spend a lot of time to perfect the craft . Western experts believe that China's "big black carp "class boats and the " waves of a 2 " missiles during the development of by Russia's help.
At present, China has built a , including logistics support system the nuclear charge storage (located of Dalian southwest 15 km ), communications hub (located in Datong, Shanxi ), and other facilities , including strategic nuclear submarines Zhubo security and combat command systems.
Chinese Navy General submarine force the main striking force is five "Han "class multi-purpose nuclear submarines. The level boat some of the equipment water launch , " Eagle One 8 " anti-ship missile, but on the tactical and technical performance and the use of parameters, they are with Russia and NATO similar nuclear-powered submarines has a wide gap between the . Taking into account the existing gaps , China in Russia with the help of developed the "business "class next-generation multi-purpose submarines , plans a total of the construction of 4 to 6 , the first boat could have been in 2005 in service . Estimate the Tactical and technical performance with the Soviet on a 80s nuclear submarine very .
the submarine force The construction of , the Chinese adopted the Soviet Union " balanced development " of the view that the simultaneous development of nuclear-powered submarines and conventional submarines . Thus, China continues to deploy modern conventional submarines , including the highly advanced Russian-made 877 and 636 submarines (NATO were called "Kilo" class and " super- Kilo " ), in the former based on their own Developed the "Yuan" class submarines and the earlier the start of construction of the "Song " class submarines (some imitation of the French design .) these submarines Both equipped with of Russia submarine-launched anti-ship missiles ( such as " Club One s "), but also and equipment made submarine-launched anti-ship missiles ( such as " Eagle One 82 "). In addition, the previous generation of conventional submarines - "Ming ' class and 033 -type boats ( Soviet-made 033 boats imitation of ) are still in service. submarines, mines , torpedoes, weapons, mainly imitation the Soviet Union of last century the fifties and sixties products And purchased from the Russian the modernization of torpedo .
Surface force
Chinese navy 's most advanced surface warships is purchased from Russia's " modern " class and domestic " travel Yoichi 1 "," Journey Yoichi 2 "," Journey Sea "," Luhu "-class missile destroyers. Currently under construction , " Tour Island "-class missile destroyers , which are equipped with powerful anti-ship missiles and air defense missile ocean -type warships. -made New destroyers Russian , Western and Chinese techniques a hybrid of . But the destroyer fleet the majority is still , " Luda "level , which is the Soviet Union, 50's the late "quiet" class destroyers ( Type 56 ) and modified ( installation of anti-ship missiles .) The class ship is clearly obsolescence of , in particular its air defense weapons and anti-submarine weapons and no longer meet modern operational requirements , can only be ground-based air defense weapons the " umbrella "under or in connection with the aforementioned equipment, shipboard anti-aircraft missile the modernization of destroyers fight in coordination to be able to Smooth action.
" Luda " class destroyers after 2005 has been gradually retired , but some in the foreseeable future will continue to service.
Modernization of guided missile frigate the most advanced is the latest "Jiang Kai "class ocean-going frigates, and " Jiang Wei "class , the offshore frigate. This is Chinese navy the first both ship missiles, air defense missiles and including helicopters , including anti-submarine weapons multi-purpose frigate. Early construction of the "Jiang Hu " -class guided missile frigate is a coastal anti-ship guided missile frigate , the air defense and anti-submarine defense systems are very weak.
Some Chinese military experts believe Chinese navy the new ocean-going guided missile destroyers and missile frigates will be used to form the Russian-made missile destroyer the core of warship combat formations and China's first aircraft carrier battle group. It is reported that China has from the 90's late in Shanghai built displacement is 48,000 tons aircraft carrier ( 9985 project). Although the domestic J-10 and JH a 7 carrier -based may have been developed to complete , but -made aircraft carrier may choose Russian-made Su for a 33 or MiG- of a 29K fighters for the carrier machine. Chinese Navy existing " Shichang " helicopter instructor ship , ship for training ship-based helicopter pilot and exercises future contained in planes and ships to use tactics.
Taking into account the Russian Pacific Fleet 's " Minsk " number and " Novorossiysk "aircraft carrier no longer exists, China's first aircraft carrier of the service will be in Southeast Asia and Russia Far East the sea the military balance in a significant impact on . Incidentally, the last century, 90 years, Russian retired aircraft carrier - " Minsk " number and " Kiev "was to be have sold to China, the Chinese people in the two ships a detailed study , after of its transformation into tourist facilities . In order to study an aircraft carrier the structure of , China has also from Australia and Ukraine , respectively, purchased the " Melbourne " number, and soon to be completed " Varyag "aircraft carrier , the latter of which will join the Chinese navy have , military analysts talked about Topic.
Although Chinese naval missile boats the number of in recent years, the result of "Wasp "level and " valley "level (all under the Soviet Union, 50's the late product imitation ) and retired and greatly reduced more than half of , but the scale is still very large. Chinese people are still continue to build the "Shanghai Construction "," Shanghai and the new " class large missile boats and C- 14 small missile boats , but plan to buy equipment of the " Musket "or" Thomas Kitt a M " anti-ship missiles, Russian-made "flash" class large missile boats (which may already have a of the class boat in 2005 joined the Navy .)
The number of was more than 200 The torpedo troops have actually ceased to exist, hunting submarines and corvettes the number also reduced by about half. This also shows that the Chinese navy 's priority the direction of has shifted to offshore . But China's " sandflies fleet " in terms of quantity is still the first in the world , and the small in shallow water ships number of will be maintained at 400 of about a level ( compare : the mid-80s over 1000 ). Concern is that the Chinese on shallow water ship constructed exploration has been made in some of the fruits , have been built while several catamaran ship missile boats .
Chinese Navy 's sweep / Bray forces existing one , " Vallat " -class medium mine-laying ship , some aging 010 minesweepers ( the Soviet 254 -type imitation of ), " Wal- sweep "level and " Lian "class base minesweeper , And " blessed " -class a small remote minesweepers . these ships The performance of can not meet modern warfare the requirements of , is the the Chinese Navy weakest of ship force. It is reported that China plans to build Italian a modern , " Riley Qi "class minesweepers , but apparently has not been related technology. At the same time there is news that in the Chinese Navy the composition appeared new minesweepers . As for the Chinese navy arsenal in the mines reserves, estimated existing 35,000 or so ( contrast: of World War II before the start Soviet Navy , 5 million pieces .)
Landing craft and troops have a traditional large , medium and small tanks and infantry landing craft also has landing carriers and a small amount of air landing assault craft . In general, the Chinese Navy amphibious landing force capable of carrying a mechanized division ( 12000 and technical equipment ) and the short distance maritime transport . China has started to develop a modern offshore helicopter dock landing ship .
Undoubtedly , the Chinese surface warships currently the most effective weapon is the " Sandfly "anti-ship missiles, "no wind " (also transliterated as " Shiji Li ") and SA-N -12 " grizzly bears "air defense missiles. -made Shipborne air defense missile system as well "Red Flag for a 7 " , " red flag for a 61B " and " Falcon a 60N " short-range air defense missile system , which uses the French , U.S. and Italian technology. It should be noted , China has also developed a " red flag of a 9 " carrier-based long-range air defense missiles - like Russia's " fortress "missile.
Chinese Navy surface ships anti-ship missiles except the Russian-made , " Sandfly "missile , the existing well-known Soviet-made n one of 15 missiles ( developed in the late 50s , the use of cruise missiles layout ) is modified , there are more advanced The adoption of cross wing the model , this arrangement may mimic the Western products. For example, the "Eagle hit an 8 " , "Eagle hit an 82 "and so on , and France's " flying fish "like , and in the made new destroyer has a " hawk hit a 62 " tactical cruise missiles.
China is the production of anti-submarine weapons, including CY -1 missiles , the United States and Italy, 324 mm lightweight homing torpedo , and the is similar to of its Soviet-made prototype several rocket depth charge . carrier anti-submarine torpedoes, a helicopter Russian card a 28 , the French AS565 " Black Panther "and the Chinese copy of straight a 9c helicopter .
Chinese navy made 130,100,57,37,30 and 25 mm guns mainly from in the last century, four or five years of the Soviet-made guns. most advanced Is the Russian-made 130 mm AK a 130,76 mm AK a 176 and 30 mm AK-630 guns , fake French " compact "type 100 mm guns and fake Dutch "gatekeeper" type of 30 mm short-range Artillery .
Naval Aviation
China's naval air force was 26,000 people , equipped with more than 800 aircraft shore-based fixed-wing aircraft and 104 shore-based and ship-borne helicopters, compiled eight air divisions , several independent groups and brigades , the preparation is similar to Air Force the Corps and troops. Naval aviation of all arms and equipment aircraft are as follows: bombing air force major equipment H of a 6D and H- a 6X; water torpedo aviation major equipment bombers for a 5T; strong attack air
Major equipment strong and 5; fighter major equipment J- 5, J- 6, J- 7, J- 7B, J- 7E, J- 8, J- 8A and J- 8B: fighter- bomber major equipment JH of a 7 and SU 30MK2; reconnaissance air major equipment H- reconnaissance of a 5 and H- power of a 5; base patrols and anti-submarine air major equipment water bombers to 5 , transportation a 8X , and SA321 " Super Hornet ", AS565" Black Panther " , until a 8, straight one 9c , and cards for a 28A helicopters; special air major equipment transport for a 8J long-range radar warning aircraft and card a 31 alert helicopter , boom oil a 6D tanker , water H- a 5 and other a 6 water search and rescue aircraft, straight for a 9c and card a 28 search and rescue helicopter ; transport aviation of major equipment transportation for a 7 shipped to 8 , transported a 14, Jacques a 42 , and straight one 8 -meter to 8 helicopters; auxiliary air of major equipment transportation for a 5. Aviation division generally equipped with a variety of aircraft, for example, bombers division and equipment missiles bombers, and torpedo bombers , fighter division of fighters, fighter bombers and attack aircraft .
It should be noted that in recent years , in China the literature in the often occur the Chinese Navy formation of "hit the aircraft carrier force , "saying , force in addition to multi-purpose nuclear submarine , also includes naval air force in the equipment, " Eagle a 6 "Or" Eagle One 61 "anti-ship missiles, bombardment of a 6D missile bombers. However, and even carried longer range the " Eagle One 83 " missiles, the latest boom of a 6X aircraft to of carrier the implementation effective combat , must be into the the enemy the carrier battle group anti-aircraft fire circle of missiles , so China "hit the aircraft carrier force " air force virtually no completion combat mission chance of . For the development of the Navy's missile carrier aircraft , the Chinese people trying to persuade Russia to agree to provide portable x a 22 tactical anti-ship missiles, plans for a 22M supersonic long-range bombers , which is expected aircraft to enter the Chinese naval air force will be named " H -10 . "
Overall, China's naval air force to in offshore activities the fleet troops to provide cover and support , on China's along the sea lines of communication the implementation of effective influence on ocean area lines the implementation of a limited affected . The most modern aircraft are equipped with air surface missile made J- bombers a 7 fighter- bombers and the Russian-made SU 30MK2 multi-purpose fighter . The H- oil a 6D , and IL- for a 78 tanker few times aerial refueling , the SU 30MK2 able to Guam , Australia, the local and the Indian Ocean targets raid . It is reported that strong of a 5 attack aircraft also received the " Eagle One 8K " tactical anti-ship missiles , and its land-based patrol air is the enemy of modern submarines can do.
China's naval aviation The development prospects of first with the first aircraft carrier of the service linked. According to reports , the Navy all the fighter pilots have in specialized airports were training in the use of "Melbourne "aircraft carrier flight deck of the converted analog site to practice the landing . China's first carrier air wing will be of about 40 aircraft, composed an independent aviation divisions.
Coastal Defense Force
Chinese naval coastal defense force is in accordance with the Soviet Navy , " Coast Missile + coast Artillery "mode set up and developed , the existing strength of 28,000 , in addition to shore -ship missile and coastal artillery units , there are artillery units and radar units.
Chinese naval coastal defense force is compiled of 12 separate missile battalions, 27 artillery regiments , 20 independent artillery battalions and 17 independent artillery batteries . offshore Guidance force mainly , " HY -2 "and" HY -4 " missiles ( Soviet-made II one of 15 variant ), each battalion equipped with four traction or self- shore -ship missile launcher.
Coastal artillery force mainly type 56 85 mm towed artillery ( Soviet-made and an 44 anti-tank gun imitation ), and 100 mm KCM a 65 and 130 mm CM a 4-1 Soviet-made fixed special coastal artillery , the existing fire Positions 328 , artillery 1365 . Russian experts Ac Pavlov to provide the information, coastal artillery deployment of the most intensive areas as Port Arthur , Weihai , Qingdao , Shanghai, Dinghai and Yulin naval base , port and the old Iron Mountain channel , the Bohai Strait and Qiongzhou Strait.
Coastal defense force 's air defense forces , in addition to a number of " red flag for a 2 "( Soviet- CA one of 75 ) anti-aircraft missile units , but also including 16 anti-aircraft regiment , and 23 independent artillery battalions, a total of 37,57 and 85 mm cannon 11461 Door. They are mainly for the Navy base, fleet command posts , ports and 13 the Navy airports to provide cover for .
Coastal defense radar units are mandated to coastal sea water surface and air situation observation, mainly compiled a radar brigade.
with China naval strategy shift Ocean-going , and its at sea defense missions today, the first directly in the sea deployment of fleet troops commitment. Therefore, the Chinese Navy has been gradually abolished coastal defense forces. But China does not intend to completely abandon the coastal defense force , and have begun to missile units dress : by the Soviet n a 15 missile developed from the old missiles are more advanced "Eagle hit an 8 " and the " Eagle One 82 " Replaced.
in China Marine Corps forces is currently over 10,000 people ( reservists 20,000 ), compiled two brigade (1st Brigade and 64 Brigade ), equipped with amphibious armor technology weapons. In addition, along the coast military the Army forces there are amphibious corps and troops.
Chinese Navy Reserve forces , including national departments of the paramilitary marine forces and merchant fleet. Which the former includes Ministry of Public Security , Ministry of Communications, State Oceanic Administration, General Administration of Customs of the sea unit and the marine police force ( 50's the early for the fishing protection and protection of coastal waters safe and set up ), they share a variety of patrol boats , ship, boat 200 More vessels.
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