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Made in China, "Jian Qi" is the African guerrillas hit Mandizhaoya Insider
Sudanese air force's MiG -21
Civil war in Sudan, the Sudanese Government has introduced a 40 Jianqi, 1989 for the first time from China to buy 12 planes, 90 in the early second 22 provided by the hands of Iran, and the third to China in 1998, bought 6. The war in 17 was shot down, there are 20 abandoned and accidents due to improper maintenance of the crash, or People's Liberation Army was destroyed in the shelling of the airport runway and down the field. Chinese J - seven losses due to a
1, China Jian Qi is a kind of air fighter, while the Sudanese government to be used for ground attack. Jian Qi does not have ground attack capability, to achieve the precision attack, we must low altitude attack. Jianqi body is weak, unable to resist the rebels De Shika 12.7 mm machine guns and antiaircraft guns firing ZSU23 mm.
2, Jian Qi pilot only a single seat. The attack, the pilot is to attack ground targets, but also driving. Large workload. Often in the attack was shot down, crashed out of control or driving mistakes. Sudanese government forces have some of the converted two-seat MiG -21. Because of funding constraints, no Jianqi be modified.
3, the Sudan People's Liberation Army in the War, from the hands of government forces captured a number of Sam -14 anti-aircraft missiles, the missile can be arrived at supersonic speed, the Jian Qi, infrared heat sensitive and can detect attacks to the head. The war in Croatia and Serbia, Serbia Croatia repeatedly shot down by MiG-Sam -14 -21. Even the U.S. military there is no way to get these missiles in the Kosovo war because of fear Sam -14 missiles, Apache helicopters are not allowed the U.S. military into combat. According to online information about the Sudan Air, said the Sudanese Air Force has F-7 MiG -21 -7,15 -14 Sam is to be shot down.
4, the Sudanese government is the world's poorest countries, but in the late '90s, through the export to China and Western countries before the oil cap off the poor. Sudanese government forces pilot quality is not hard, the lack of flight maintenance technicians. United Airlines has met with sanctions, a large number of F -7 because there is no lack of maintenance and spare parts for reimbursement.
History of decades of civil war Sudan
First, the Sudanese government forces defeated
Sudan is Africa's largest country. Northern Arabs oppress the blacks in the South has been the history of tribes. 1983 to 2003, the Sudan, decades of religious civil war broke out. Pro-Iraqi Arab Education and the Southern Christian Education pro-Western forces of both sides to start a civil war. The war caused 270 million deaths. Largest number of deaths after the war a civil war.
- John Garang, Southern Sudan D tribe dry. Early study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. There, he was President Museveni of Uganda, Zaire, Kabila is a classmate friends guerrilla expert, called iron triangle of black Africa. 70 years, China to support national liberation movements in various countries, to send a number of military trainers in Tanzania. Consultants from China, where Garang studied guerrilla warfare thinking. Houjia Lang also went to study in the United States Military Academy. Returned, he served as army commander of troops south.
1983, Yi Langyi - Sri Lanka - Blue - Leather - of life. Ordered the removal of autonomous southern Sudan autonomy, insist on the implementation of the southern Iraq region based Education - Sri Lanka - Blue teachings. Garang was the commander of the South either a huff, led his troops in the uprising. Fired the first shot in the Sudan civil war. Garang will own the name of the Chinese armed forces armed by the name "People's Liberation Army (PLA)". Billed as "the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA).
Because the sparsely populated southern Sudan, government troops shortage of troops, to deploy more dispersed weaken their fighting power, coupled with local grasslands, tropical rain forests, mountains, swamps staggered packing all kinds of terrain, the terrain is very complex and are good at guerrilla warfare. Garang to use this feature, the vast area in the south playing guerrilla warfare.
November 7, 1983, Garang led the troops raided the city of Marwan, the eradication of the city government forces. Nasser wins while surrounded by the city and will be 7 days blocked the city and occupied part of the city. Sudanese government forces and the Egyptian Air Force MiG -21 dispatched People's Liberation Army and other air attacks. People's Liberation Army was the lack of air defense weapons, Garang for the preservation of strength, withdrawal Wai transfer. This battle, the PLA troops shot down a small amount of artillery helicopter.
Sudanese government troops attempt to recapture Marwan. Garang's forces defeated the Sudanese government forces command the attack, government forces suffered heavy losses outside the ground, killed more than 400 people, but also the loss of three helicopters.
Battle for Marwan Barghouti prestigious People's Liberation Army, government troops have deserted in the Southern blacks to come to Touxiao. To early 1984, government forces through the incorporation of deserters, People's Liberation Army reached the camp a total of 5 full code 5000. More than for the former army regular army troops and sophisticated weapons. Staff an AK-47 automatic rifles or RPG-7 rocket launchers. The hands of government troops also seized a lot from Sam -7 surface-to-air defense forces have.
February 8, the PLA deployed by the weak government forces Bingshao dispersed disadvantage. Only 2 days to win the siege of Kara Mara. To 4 months, and several isolated army base captured by the PLA. Government forces bombed the PLA sent search planes, was shot down two MiG anti--21.
To the rainy season, North and South access roads were washed off. People's Liberation Army took the opportunity and won the remaining stronghold of the government forces, government troops in several cities isolated enclaves. In order to supply the besieged government forces sent to the Sudanese government from foreign countries caused six transport aircraft, of which two were sent to Sudan to the Navy as a naval patrol aircraft to Sudan. The remaining air supply for the south. In addition, delivery of supplies to the south, the Sudanese government has also enabled the C-130 transport aircraft and transport safety and -12.
February 1985, 3500 surrounded by two People's Liberation Army forces were divided city of Juba. Strong local government forces and militia defense. Not be able to repeatedly attack the PLA. Garang resolute to change strategy and take advantage of Juba, Sudanese Government forces behind the empty full rescue of the machine, led his troops riding under the Toyota truck, motor Yuebo Ma and Yi Luole government forces raided. The government forces two thousand people are wiped out, huge loss.
This alerted the Khartoum Nimeiri This failure to step down because of this.
Southern People's Liberation Army to take advantage of political turmoil to the north. Intensified offensive. Government forces won more positions, all the hiding locations are split within the army wiped out. April 14, 1985, an army of the People's Liberation Army Buffalo transport aircraft was shot down on the four pilots were killed.
July 1985 onwards, in line with Libya's Gaddafi, "ancestry with teaching" the feelings, to assist the Sudanese government. The People's Liberation Army without outside support, can still beat the army of the siege alone, and strike it strong.
July 1985, People's Liberation Army released a warning, because the Sudanese government with a civilian aircraft transporting troops, if the government forces continue to this act, as the People's Liberation Army have targeted the civilian airliner. August 16, 1986, the PLA will warn implemented, with the hands of government forces seized from Sam -7 missile shot down a Sudanese airliner, flight 70 no survivors.
The end of 1985. Government of the Sudan made a wrong decision, they considered the southern pro-government tribal release issued, including China, "56 red", the Russian AK-47, etc., a large number of weapons. To implement the policy of southerners to fight southerners. It lifted a rock smashed the results of their own feet. Southern tribes to get weapons after joining the PLA. The Sudanese government to spend money to buy weapons and equipment in turn, their enemy.
In 1986, the main government forces together in preparation for starting the year in 1986 the PLA launched a major offensive. Unexpectedly, the People's Liberation Army launched pre-emptive attack to destroy the Ardoch area of the army, then they inflicted heavy losses on government forces in Juba.
See government forces defeated Libya, Sudan and the People's Liberation Army will want to reach a ceasefire. 4 April, government troops a Buffalo transport aircraft in the PLA headquarters Bor area was shot down. The 16 machines in 7 victims are government officials responsible for the PLA. Mediation efforts this event to a complete failure.
After the People's Liberation Army laid the city of Wau.
November 1986, despite repeated setbacks in the government troops concentrated 5,000 troops, accompanied by a large number of tanks and armored vehicles, launched a major offensive. Garang was again defeated by the People's Liberation Army men. Loss of hundreds of people, more than a dozen vehicles T-55 tanks and armored vehicles destroyed.
In early 1987, the two sides around the Wau restructuring forces, ready to once again launch a decisive battle. May 11, an army C-130 transport plane was shot down by the PLA SAM Sam -7, unit 5 people aboard. Machine People's Liberation Army military supplies were captured.
Jie Lien Chan were due to the strength of the PLA in 1987 has reached 22,000 people.
Second, the introduction of the Sudan to China, Jian Qi fighter, reverse the situation of the war
In 1989, al-Bashir came to power the military government forces. He advocated the implementation Bini Mai in the Sudan in the more extreme religious doctrine.
At this time, the Sudanese government troops, unwilling to fail, from China to buy the 12 F -7 fighters come from Libya to discuss -23 12 MiG fighter-bombers, the Air Force will also be old Sudanese government forces MiG -21 8 transformed into single-seat fighter aircraft from the seat to fit in on the attack.
In early 1988, the PLA launched code-named "Bright Star" large-scale attack. Strong resistance from the Sudanese government forces, but also rushed aid from Libya, MiG -23 fighter-bombers into operation. Still can not resist the PLA's offensive, Juba, Wau, Torrey Ritter, Malakal, this autumn, Wu Wale, Rumbek, Yale, Nasser, A Kuba, Yei, 博尔马里迪, Mu that the South Delhi and other cities and towns are caught in the hands of the PLA. To July, Garang announced that the liberation of the Southern People's Liberation Army has been. Southern People's Liberation Army now has 44,000 people.
In the "Bright Star" operation, government forces have three People's Liberation Army shot down by MiG -23, there are three crashed due to an accident. Government forces other aircraft lost were: 3 F-5 fighter jets, two Buffalo transport aircraft, two C-130 transport aircraft, fighter aircraft F--6, -8 Mi helicopters, transport aircraft Antonov -24, a J - VII.
This is the first time Jianqi fighter was shot down. Within a month thereafter, J - seven and was shot down two
By 1991, the Sudanese al-Bashir government of Iran and Libya are Iran - Sri Lanka - Lan support anti-American countries, and southern Sudan People's Liberation Army has been in Kenya and Uganda, Ethiopia, the base - the Governor - to teach state support. Black African countries will withstand Garang as Sudan Yi - Sri Lanka - the backbone of revolutionary storm blue.
Bashir in the past, cited the failure of previous wars to take a lesson, take the three major measures:
First, consolidation within the armed forces, strengthening of religious totalitarianism.
In mid-April 1991, Bashir government announced that crushed a coup, and 20 officers were executed. In mid-August, the Kuomintang, the Democratic Union Party and a number of claims Iran - Sri Lanka - Portland secular military officers to prepare a coup plan summary executions and religious leaders Turabi-Bashir, announced the cancellation of the national Iraq - Sri Lanka - blue method. The implementation of foreign policy for the Arab countries. The results were detected, Aug. 20, including 10 active duty military officers, a group of retired military officers and former Education Minister Bakrie * Adair, a leading member of the Democratic United Party former Health Minister Ahmad al-Bashir, who was arrested * .
February 1992, another coup was uncovered, and 41 officers arrested more than 100 commanders were replaced.
Second, spent heavily to improve the military equipment.
1991 and 1992, the Sudanese government and China, Iran, Belarus and other countries signed a series of arms agreements, costing over 400 million U.S. dollars. Purchase of a large number of arms. In addition to the original from the Soviet Union, Libya got the T-55 tanks, the U.S. M-41, M47, M-60, also bought from China Type 62 light tanks, 59 tanks. There are Soviet-made T-62 tanks and a large number of missiles, machine guns, artillery.
Gulf War, a large number of Iraqi aircraft fled to Iran to escape the bombing, the Iranian MiG -23 10 of these aircraft to Sudan.
Sudanese air force's F--7, -6 F, F -5 fighter maintenance work by the technical staff in China, and Soviet-made MiG -21, MiG -23 aircraft and other technical staff from the Belarus. Iranians also provided some technical and spare parts.
Third, follow the model established the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Defence Forces
Defence Forces from the national staff and students from all over the composition of workers, a total of about 10 million people. In addition to maintaining law and order, mainly to assist the PLA troops wage "jihad."
In 1991, the People's Liberation Army to the north on whether to enter the house, a split occurred to overthrow al-Bashir government to Nasser faction led by a group of cadres that the strength of the army did not eliminate the northern government and the Garang advocated the Northern Expedition. Year in June and July, more than ten thousand, "Nasser" faction from Garang. Early September, the PLA re-split, 3 Nasser faction leader Ram - Yi Kuer, Rick - Marshall, Kabi Nu - Alcatel plans to talk to reporters when the BBC announced that from Garang, there are 1 million people from Garang.
Garang, though still control the People's Liberation Army at this time, but only 3 million men in the army.
October 1991, Garang that "the war expanded to the north." Start the Northern Expedition. November, in order to secure the rear of the Northern Expedition, the PLA to be an enclave around the southern end of the government forces launched the siege of Juba. The whole city came under heavy artillery fire. The city has 20,000 troops, and solid defense. Despite heavy losses to the local People's Liberation Army troops, but failed to succeed. Meanwhile, an army camp north of Juba, the attack also failed.
Bashir and accurate use of the military government and Garang's mistakes split within the People's Liberation Army. Ready to counterattack south.
In early 1992, government forces and other fighters in the F -7 repulsed the attack, supported by the state of Darfur and Kordofan states of the two shares People's Liberation Army. February 1992 low, the use of the dry season, broken down into smaller 3-way, started to the south on the Nile State, Bahr el Ghazal and Equatoria People's Liberation Army launched a powerful offensive.
Responsible for 1 way along the banks of the Nile Upper Nile State and the Sudan border into Ethiopia. 2 way responsible for the elimination of the People's Liberation Army Bahr al-Ghazal. No. 3 Road, Chatham House in charge of destroying Western Equatoria Brad's Liberation Army. Then return in triumph destroy the city of Torit in eastern People's Liberation Army headquarters. Operational needs for the protection of government troops opened up to Juba from Khartoum and central air-bridge states (the former White Nile Province) Kosti Malakal first Nile water channel.
At first, government forces attacked more smoothly. March 9, the city was won Pochalla, which is a logistical supply center People's Liberation Army, April 4, Croatia is located in White Nile State, Bahr el Ghazal, Equatoria at the junction of Bor town. . This is the home of Garang is also the cradle of the revolutionary People's Liberation Army. April 10, 11 and 16, has also captured the AI library, Yi Lule, Macartney, Sharm ratio of seven strategic locations. To 7 months late, and even a few grams of the city, including the city of Torit.
To consolidate the achievements, learn from the past the Sudanese government "succeeded during the dry season, the rainy season is lost," the lessons of tactics to slow and steady, a city occupied by the Defence Forces is responsible for city defense, maintaining law and order, strengthen religious propaganda.
Bashir hopes to advantage on the battlefield into political advantage. June 1, 1992, Bashir held with representatives of the military government and the People's Liberation Army since the military government came to power the 3rd of direct negotiations. But the military government refused to make concessions on the extreme religious policy, the talks ended without result.
Although government forces recaptured the dry season offensive in the south of the main towns, but the People's Liberation Army to be significant, the main surviving. Garang active in many towns are abandoned.
The rainy season arrives, the channel between government forces and the north was cut off, immediately take the initiative to change hands to the hands of Garang. July, the People's Liberation Army launched several small-scale offensive to eliminate a few pieces of isolated enemy troops.
July 18, government forces helicopter was shot down in Torrey.
Two days later, a Sudanese army J - seven dark days. Two Chinese-made F -7 PLA anti-aircraft fire fighter was shot down on the same day. On the same day, a 212 cargo plane was shot down security. July 15 there is a C-130H crashed due to bad weather near Juba.
Third, Iran Jianqi fighter
In 1992, the Iranians also provided 22 F -7 fighters. F -7 simple maintenance and repair, is suitable for the Sudan situation the lack of aviation technicians.
Bashir said: "a decisive one in 1993, will finally resolve the civil war."
1992, the PLA launched a series of attacks on the Juba. Cause significant losses to the government forces, but failed to won the city. 1993, Nasser sent officers to the previous split the gradual return of the PLA. The PLA is also growing gradually restore power. Bashir in 1993, the last year of the campaign did not happen, but the southern city of Malakal and Juba was surrounded by the PLA again.
At this time, the Sudan because they support the cult of terrorist organizations in Uganda, "LRA." Summary of the border between Uganda, Sudan, large numbers of troops had to be transferred to the border of Uganda and the Sudan. Southern People's Liberation Army troops to deal with such a shortage of troops.
June 26, 1995, Egyptian President Mullah Buck nearly assassinated in the capital of Ethiopia, the assassin was killed. But the mastermind is hiding in Sudan, leaders of three terrorist groups in Egypt. January 31, 1996, the Council passed a resolution calling on the Sudan to hand over three leaders, and its sanctions. 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya after the U.S. cruise missile attack on Khartoum by a suspected chemical and biological weapons experiments as a pharmaceutical.
Embassy bombings in Kenya and USA was the turning point of the Sudanese civil war, the United States does not directly support the original southern Sudan People's Liberation Army. However, the PLA now the United States decided to provide food, tents and mine clearance, etc. humanitarian goods.
In order to avoid sanctions against the Sudanese government, in order to make the United States no longer supports the Southern People's Liberation Army. Bombings in Kenya put bin Laden and his men about the deportation, confiscation of all his assets in Sudan. And inform the U.S. President Bill Clinton, Osama bin Laden left the Sudan, the time the aircraft and routes, the U.S. military to shoot down or forced to land if you want you will be with. Unexpectedly, the Clinton worried that, "Osama bin Laden will be killed without trial, to make themselves into a legal dispute, has been charged with murder." Block CIA actually make the aircraft as safe to fly bin Laden refuge in Afghanistan.
In addition, the Sudanese government ordered the detention of religious spiritual leader of Sudan Turabi.
But the U.S. long-term support of the Sudanese government is still disgruntled terrorist organizations, to continue to provide non-combat assistance to the People's Liberation Army.
Since 1996, the PLA has a powerful air defense weapons, shoulder-fired surface-Sam -14. Government forces seized from the hands of the PLA were about 50 -14 Sam.
February 26, 1996, government troops a C-130 was shot down on the 91 people aboard. March 19 was shot down a MiG -21, only one day after he Antonov -26 aircraft was shot down. On April 10, an AB-212 was shot down, the Sudan People's Liberation Army achieved victory in a battle, they destroyed more than a hundred government troops and destroyed by government forces supported by armed Uganda Lord's Resistance Army headquarters.
February 1997, the PLA captured Yei. 70 km from the town of Juba, Sudan Jun in Yei near the town of Bray, a mine safety and -24 when the machine was put in a missile hit, landing failed, crashed in Juba airport.
December 1997, sent an army special forces attempted to attack the Uganda People's Liberation Army camp, but the venture ended in defeat, all 70 members of special forces troops were killed. In addition, December 9, an F -7 was shot down, pilot killed.
December 1998, the Government's First Vice President Zubair - Muhammad - Saleh and 26 attendants aboard the aircraft skidded off the runway when landing at the Nasser, off Rusuobate river.
Government forces then launched a massive offensive, 1st Division in support of the Air Force attempts to undermine the People's Liberation Army in the southern Bahr el-Ghazal state social foundation. Government forces carried out brutal triphosgene policy, everywhere burning captivity. Millions of people forced to flee their homes, government forces attacked a large number of civilians, killed in shelling and bombing.
Just at that time, the terrible famine in the Sudan are taking place in Khartoum deliberately prevent humanitarian access, from February 4 to March 31, about 10 million civilians died of hunger.
More than a humanitarian disaster in Bosnia at that time. Under international pressure the Sudanese government agreed to facilitate humanitarian assistance.
However, within the next 3 years, the Sudanese government's Antonov bombers, transport aircraft modified regular bombing of humanitarian organizations in Sudan, humanitarian aid agencies, schools, churches and civilian targets. This is because the PLA has equipped with air defense missiles, air strikes costly, government forces have turned to bombing civilian targets. Want to force the civilian casualties in southern People's Liberation Army to make concessions.
April 4, 2001, the Sudanese defense minister and 13 senior officials traveled on aircraft crashed due to dust storms. The Defense Minister Ibrahim - Colonel Bashir Shams loyal supporters in the coup set off a lot. And over the years he has been to focus on all of the South on the battlefield, is very familiar with the southern battlefield. He and 13 senior officials of the death of one less rival People's Liberation Army, but it is a major blow to the Bashir government.
November 20, 2001, the PLA troops ambushed a squad of a transport fleet, killing 100 government troops, their only 2 killed, 16 injured.
January 23, 2002, government troops in the Nuba region's small-scale attack was repulsed, while the People's Liberation Army stationed in Wula Wu Sheng Shi attacked government forces base. Retaliation. Government forces Antonov aircraft dropped six to bomb a village. Killing two children. February 24, government troops in the two Mi -24 helicopter gunships to the United Nations Food Program is located in a village in the firing of rockets and machine guns supply center. 17 civilians and aid workers were killed and 100 injured.
This incident strongly condemned by the international community, the Western countries to increase pressure on President Bashir was forced to stop bombing civilian and humanitarian targets, and arrested the pilot trial, thirteen were executed pilot became the scapegoat. At the same time, ordered to seek reconciliation with the PLA.
March 29, 2002, government troops south of the oil-producing center Keni Er - Di stronghold captured by the PLA. 300 defenders died six armored vehicles and seized a number of firearms and ammunition were People's Liberation Army.
April 25, a People's Liberation Army commandos stormed a hundred people in northern Sudan Sheila's an airport, government troops destroyed 18 aircraft, including a number of Antonov transport aircraft. And killed 32 government soldiers, captured the base commander Ibrahim - Bushra - Ismail.
June 9, People's Liberation Army to lay in one fell swoop the capital of Eastern Equatoria Kapoeta, 200 government soldiers died. The remaining 3,000 troops fled into the desert, and most people die of thirst in the desert heat. The city fell to the northern headquarters of the South between government troops and the logistical supply line was cut off. Since then, government forces isolated strongholds in the south all have surrendered and the city's defenders. Outside the southern re-addition to Juba's Liberation Army into the hands of entirely.
The international community to condemn and pressure, coupled with the failure on the battlefield. November the Sudanese government agreed to negotiate with the People's Liberation Army. Finally, in the south Sudanese government agreed to autonomy. Withdrawal of government forces last enclave in the south of Juba, then stationed in the PLA. People's Liberation Army's war for autonomy achieved complete victory. Now divided into North and South Sudan, the two governments.
Now in southern Sudan, as oil development, the southern economy has made progress.
Government of the Sudan had supported a rebellion in Uganda and is involved in suppression of People's Liberation Army troops, "the Lord's Resistance Army", the Government and the People's Liberation Army in Sudan after the peace to become a castaway. Last year, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and Uganda, Kenya and southern Sudan government forces (that is, the PLA) Collaborative, to crush the Lord's Resistance Army, has eliminated its majority.
Sudanese air force's MiG -21
Civil war in Sudan, the Sudanese Government has introduced a 40 Jianqi, 1989 for the first time from China to buy 12 planes, 90 in the early second 22 provided by the hands of Iran, and the third to China in 1998, bought 6. The war in 17 was shot down, there are 20 abandoned and accidents due to improper maintenance of the crash, or People's Liberation Army was destroyed in the shelling of the airport runway and down the field. Chinese J - seven losses due to a
1, China Jian Qi is a kind of air fighter, while the Sudanese government to be used for ground attack. Jian Qi does not have ground attack capability, to achieve the precision attack, we must low altitude attack. Jianqi body is weak, unable to resist the rebels De Shika 12.7 mm machine guns and antiaircraft guns firing ZSU23 mm.
2, Jian Qi pilot only a single seat. The attack, the pilot is to attack ground targets, but also driving. Large workload. Often in the attack was shot down, crashed out of control or driving mistakes. Sudanese government forces have some of the converted two-seat MiG -21. Because of funding constraints, no Jianqi be modified.
3, the Sudan People's Liberation Army in the War, from the hands of government forces captured a number of Sam -14 anti-aircraft missiles, the missile can be arrived at supersonic speed, the Jian Qi, infrared heat sensitive and can detect attacks to the head. The war in Croatia and Serbia, Serbia Croatia repeatedly shot down by MiG-Sam -14 -21. Even the U.S. military there is no way to get these missiles in the Kosovo war because of fear Sam -14 missiles, Apache helicopters are not allowed the U.S. military into combat. According to online information about the Sudan Air, said the Sudanese Air Force has F-7 MiG -21 -7,15 -14 Sam is to be shot down.
4, the Sudanese government is the world's poorest countries, but in the late '90s, through the export to China and Western countries before the oil cap off the poor. Sudanese government forces pilot quality is not hard, the lack of flight maintenance technicians. United Airlines has met with sanctions, a large number of F -7 because there is no lack of maintenance and spare parts for reimbursement.
History of decades of civil war Sudan
First, the Sudanese government forces defeated
Sudan is Africa's largest country. Northern Arabs oppress the blacks in the South has been the history of tribes. 1983 to 2003, the Sudan, decades of religious civil war broke out. Pro-Iraqi Arab Education and the Southern Christian Education pro-Western forces of both sides to start a civil war. The war caused 270 million deaths. Largest number of deaths after the war a civil war.
- John Garang, Southern Sudan D tribe dry. Early study in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. There, he was President Museveni of Uganda, Zaire, Kabila is a classmate friends guerrilla expert, called iron triangle of black Africa. 70 years, China to support national liberation movements in various countries, to send a number of military trainers in Tanzania. Consultants from China, where Garang studied guerrilla warfare thinking. Houjia Lang also went to study in the United States Military Academy. Returned, he served as army commander of troops south.
1983, Yi Langyi - Sri Lanka - Blue - Leather - of life. Ordered the removal of autonomous southern Sudan autonomy, insist on the implementation of the southern Iraq region based Education - Sri Lanka - Blue teachings. Garang was the commander of the South either a huff, led his troops in the uprising. Fired the first shot in the Sudan civil war. Garang will own the name of the Chinese armed forces armed by the name "People's Liberation Army (PLA)". Billed as "the Sudan People's Liberation Army (SPLA).
Because the sparsely populated southern Sudan, government troops shortage of troops, to deploy more dispersed weaken their fighting power, coupled with local grasslands, tropical rain forests, mountains, swamps staggered packing all kinds of terrain, the terrain is very complex and are good at guerrilla warfare. Garang to use this feature, the vast area in the south playing guerrilla warfare.
November 7, 1983, Garang led the troops raided the city of Marwan, the eradication of the city government forces. Nasser wins while surrounded by the city and will be 7 days blocked the city and occupied part of the city. Sudanese government forces and the Egyptian Air Force MiG -21 dispatched People's Liberation Army and other air attacks. People's Liberation Army was the lack of air defense weapons, Garang for the preservation of strength, withdrawal Wai transfer. This battle, the PLA troops shot down a small amount of artillery helicopter.
Sudanese government troops attempt to recapture Marwan. Garang's forces defeated the Sudanese government forces command the attack, government forces suffered heavy losses outside the ground, killed more than 400 people, but also the loss of three helicopters.
Battle for Marwan Barghouti prestigious People's Liberation Army, government troops have deserted in the Southern blacks to come to Touxiao. To early 1984, government forces through the incorporation of deserters, People's Liberation Army reached the camp a total of 5 full code 5000. More than for the former army regular army troops and sophisticated weapons. Staff an AK-47 automatic rifles or RPG-7 rocket launchers. The hands of government troops also seized a lot from Sam -7 surface-to-air defense forces have.
February 8, the PLA deployed by the weak government forces Bingshao dispersed disadvantage. Only 2 days to win the siege of Kara Mara. To 4 months, and several isolated army base captured by the PLA. Government forces bombed the PLA sent search planes, was shot down two MiG anti--21.
To the rainy season, North and South access roads were washed off. People's Liberation Army took the opportunity and won the remaining stronghold of the government forces, government troops in several cities isolated enclaves. In order to supply the besieged government forces sent to the Sudanese government from foreign countries caused six transport aircraft, of which two were sent to Sudan to the Navy as a naval patrol aircraft to Sudan. The remaining air supply for the south. In addition, delivery of supplies to the south, the Sudanese government has also enabled the C-130 transport aircraft and transport safety and -12.
February 1985, 3500 surrounded by two People's Liberation Army forces were divided city of Juba. Strong local government forces and militia defense. Not be able to repeatedly attack the PLA. Garang resolute to change strategy and take advantage of Juba, Sudanese Government forces behind the empty full rescue of the machine, led his troops riding under the Toyota truck, motor Yuebo Ma and Yi Luole government forces raided. The government forces two thousand people are wiped out, huge loss.
This alerted the Khartoum Nimeiri This failure to step down because of this.
Southern People's Liberation Army to take advantage of political turmoil to the north. Intensified offensive. Government forces won more positions, all the hiding locations are split within the army wiped out. April 14, 1985, an army of the People's Liberation Army Buffalo transport aircraft was shot down on the four pilots were killed.
July 1985 onwards, in line with Libya's Gaddafi, "ancestry with teaching" the feelings, to assist the Sudanese government. The People's Liberation Army without outside support, can still beat the army of the siege alone, and strike it strong.
July 1985, People's Liberation Army released a warning, because the Sudanese government with a civilian aircraft transporting troops, if the government forces continue to this act, as the People's Liberation Army have targeted the civilian airliner. August 16, 1986, the PLA will warn implemented, with the hands of government forces seized from Sam -7 missile shot down a Sudanese airliner, flight 70 no survivors.
The end of 1985. Government of the Sudan made a wrong decision, they considered the southern pro-government tribal release issued, including China, "56 red", the Russian AK-47, etc., a large number of weapons. To implement the policy of southerners to fight southerners. It lifted a rock smashed the results of their own feet. Southern tribes to get weapons after joining the PLA. The Sudanese government to spend money to buy weapons and equipment in turn, their enemy.
In 1986, the main government forces together in preparation for starting the year in 1986 the PLA launched a major offensive. Unexpectedly, the People's Liberation Army launched pre-emptive attack to destroy the Ardoch area of the army, then they inflicted heavy losses on government forces in Juba.
See government forces defeated Libya, Sudan and the People's Liberation Army will want to reach a ceasefire. 4 April, government troops a Buffalo transport aircraft in the PLA headquarters Bor area was shot down. The 16 machines in 7 victims are government officials responsible for the PLA. Mediation efforts this event to a complete failure.
After the People's Liberation Army laid the city of Wau.
November 1986, despite repeated setbacks in the government troops concentrated 5,000 troops, accompanied by a large number of tanks and armored vehicles, launched a major offensive. Garang was again defeated by the People's Liberation Army men. Loss of hundreds of people, more than a dozen vehicles T-55 tanks and armored vehicles destroyed.
In early 1987, the two sides around the Wau restructuring forces, ready to once again launch a decisive battle. May 11, an army C-130 transport plane was shot down by the PLA SAM Sam -7, unit 5 people aboard. Machine People's Liberation Army military supplies were captured.
Jie Lien Chan were due to the strength of the PLA in 1987 has reached 22,000 people.
Second, the introduction of the Sudan to China, Jian Qi fighter, reverse the situation of the war
In 1989, al-Bashir came to power the military government forces. He advocated the implementation Bini Mai in the Sudan in the more extreme religious doctrine.
At this time, the Sudanese government troops, unwilling to fail, from China to buy the 12 F -7 fighters come from Libya to discuss -23 12 MiG fighter-bombers, the Air Force will also be old Sudanese government forces MiG -21 8 transformed into single-seat fighter aircraft from the seat to fit in on the attack.
In early 1988, the PLA launched code-named "Bright Star" large-scale attack. Strong resistance from the Sudanese government forces, but also rushed aid from Libya, MiG -23 fighter-bombers into operation. Still can not resist the PLA's offensive, Juba, Wau, Torrey Ritter, Malakal, this autumn, Wu Wale, Rumbek, Yale, Nasser, A Kuba, Yei, 博尔马里迪, Mu that the South Delhi and other cities and towns are caught in the hands of the PLA. To July, Garang announced that the liberation of the Southern People's Liberation Army has been. Southern People's Liberation Army now has 44,000 people.
In the "Bright Star" operation, government forces have three People's Liberation Army shot down by MiG -23, there are three crashed due to an accident. Government forces other aircraft lost were: 3 F-5 fighter jets, two Buffalo transport aircraft, two C-130 transport aircraft, fighter aircraft F--6, -8 Mi helicopters, transport aircraft Antonov -24, a J - VII.
This is the first time Jianqi fighter was shot down. Within a month thereafter, J - seven and was shot down two
By 1991, the Sudanese al-Bashir government of Iran and Libya are Iran - Sri Lanka - Lan support anti-American countries, and southern Sudan People's Liberation Army has been in Kenya and Uganda, Ethiopia, the base - the Governor - to teach state support. Black African countries will withstand Garang as Sudan Yi - Sri Lanka - the backbone of revolutionary storm blue.
Bashir in the past, cited the failure of previous wars to take a lesson, take the three major measures:
First, consolidation within the armed forces, strengthening of religious totalitarianism.
In mid-April 1991, Bashir government announced that crushed a coup, and 20 officers were executed. In mid-August, the Kuomintang, the Democratic Union Party and a number of claims Iran - Sri Lanka - Portland secular military officers to prepare a coup plan summary executions and religious leaders Turabi-Bashir, announced the cancellation of the national Iraq - Sri Lanka - blue method. The implementation of foreign policy for the Arab countries. The results were detected, Aug. 20, including 10 active duty military officers, a group of retired military officers and former Education Minister Bakrie * Adair, a leading member of the Democratic United Party former Health Minister Ahmad al-Bashir, who was arrested * .
February 1992, another coup was uncovered, and 41 officers arrested more than 100 commanders were replaced.
Second, spent heavily to improve the military equipment.
1991 and 1992, the Sudanese government and China, Iran, Belarus and other countries signed a series of arms agreements, costing over 400 million U.S. dollars. Purchase of a large number of arms. In addition to the original from the Soviet Union, Libya got the T-55 tanks, the U.S. M-41, M47, M-60, also bought from China Type 62 light tanks, 59 tanks. There are Soviet-made T-62 tanks and a large number of missiles, machine guns, artillery.
Gulf War, a large number of Iraqi aircraft fled to Iran to escape the bombing, the Iranian MiG -23 10 of these aircraft to Sudan.
Sudanese air force's F--7, -6 F, F -5 fighter maintenance work by the technical staff in China, and Soviet-made MiG -21, MiG -23 aircraft and other technical staff from the Belarus. Iranians also provided some technical and spare parts.
Third, follow the model established the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Defence Forces
Defence Forces from the national staff and students from all over the composition of workers, a total of about 10 million people. In addition to maintaining law and order, mainly to assist the PLA troops wage "jihad."
In 1991, the People's Liberation Army to the north on whether to enter the house, a split occurred to overthrow al-Bashir government to Nasser faction led by a group of cadres that the strength of the army did not eliminate the northern government and the Garang advocated the Northern Expedition. Year in June and July, more than ten thousand, "Nasser" faction from Garang. Early September, the PLA re-split, 3 Nasser faction leader Ram - Yi Kuer, Rick - Marshall, Kabi Nu - Alcatel plans to talk to reporters when the BBC announced that from Garang, there are 1 million people from Garang.
Garang, though still control the People's Liberation Army at this time, but only 3 million men in the army.
October 1991, Garang that "the war expanded to the north." Start the Northern Expedition. November, in order to secure the rear of the Northern Expedition, the PLA to be an enclave around the southern end of the government forces launched the siege of Juba. The whole city came under heavy artillery fire. The city has 20,000 troops, and solid defense. Despite heavy losses to the local People's Liberation Army troops, but failed to succeed. Meanwhile, an army camp north of Juba, the attack also failed.
Bashir and accurate use of the military government and Garang's mistakes split within the People's Liberation Army. Ready to counterattack south.
In early 1992, government forces and other fighters in the F -7 repulsed the attack, supported by the state of Darfur and Kordofan states of the two shares People's Liberation Army. February 1992 low, the use of the dry season, broken down into smaller 3-way, started to the south on the Nile State, Bahr el Ghazal and Equatoria People's Liberation Army launched a powerful offensive.
Responsible for 1 way along the banks of the Nile Upper Nile State and the Sudan border into Ethiopia. 2 way responsible for the elimination of the People's Liberation Army Bahr al-Ghazal. No. 3 Road, Chatham House in charge of destroying Western Equatoria Brad's Liberation Army. Then return in triumph destroy the city of Torit in eastern People's Liberation Army headquarters. Operational needs for the protection of government troops opened up to Juba from Khartoum and central air-bridge states (the former White Nile Province) Kosti Malakal first Nile water channel.
At first, government forces attacked more smoothly. March 9, the city was won Pochalla, which is a logistical supply center People's Liberation Army, April 4, Croatia is located in White Nile State, Bahr el Ghazal, Equatoria at the junction of Bor town. . This is the home of Garang is also the cradle of the revolutionary People's Liberation Army. April 10, 11 and 16, has also captured the AI library, Yi Lule, Macartney, Sharm ratio of seven strategic locations. To 7 months late, and even a few grams of the city, including the city of Torit.
To consolidate the achievements, learn from the past the Sudanese government "succeeded during the dry season, the rainy season is lost," the lessons of tactics to slow and steady, a city occupied by the Defence Forces is responsible for city defense, maintaining law and order, strengthen religious propaganda.
Bashir hopes to advantage on the battlefield into political advantage. June 1, 1992, Bashir held with representatives of the military government and the People's Liberation Army since the military government came to power the 3rd of direct negotiations. But the military government refused to make concessions on the extreme religious policy, the talks ended without result.
Although government forces recaptured the dry season offensive in the south of the main towns, but the People's Liberation Army to be significant, the main surviving. Garang active in many towns are abandoned.
The rainy season arrives, the channel between government forces and the north was cut off, immediately take the initiative to change hands to the hands of Garang. July, the People's Liberation Army launched several small-scale offensive to eliminate a few pieces of isolated enemy troops.
July 18, government forces helicopter was shot down in Torrey.
Two days later, a Sudanese army J - seven dark days. Two Chinese-made F -7 PLA anti-aircraft fire fighter was shot down on the same day. On the same day, a 212 cargo plane was shot down security. July 15 there is a C-130H crashed due to bad weather near Juba.
Third, Iran Jianqi fighter
In 1992, the Iranians also provided 22 F -7 fighters. F -7 simple maintenance and repair, is suitable for the Sudan situation the lack of aviation technicians.
Bashir said: "a decisive one in 1993, will finally resolve the civil war."
1992, the PLA launched a series of attacks on the Juba. Cause significant losses to the government forces, but failed to won the city. 1993, Nasser sent officers to the previous split the gradual return of the PLA. The PLA is also growing gradually restore power. Bashir in 1993, the last year of the campaign did not happen, but the southern city of Malakal and Juba was surrounded by the PLA again.
At this time, the Sudan because they support the cult of terrorist organizations in Uganda, "LRA." Summary of the border between Uganda, Sudan, large numbers of troops had to be transferred to the border of Uganda and the Sudan. Southern People's Liberation Army troops to deal with such a shortage of troops.
June 26, 1995, Egyptian President Mullah Buck nearly assassinated in the capital of Ethiopia, the assassin was killed. But the mastermind is hiding in Sudan, leaders of three terrorist groups in Egypt. January 31, 1996, the Council passed a resolution calling on the Sudan to hand over three leaders, and its sanctions. 1998 U.S. embassy bombings in Kenya after the U.S. cruise missile attack on Khartoum by a suspected chemical and biological weapons experiments as a pharmaceutical.
Embassy bombings in Kenya and USA was the turning point of the Sudanese civil war, the United States does not directly support the original southern Sudan People's Liberation Army. However, the PLA now the United States decided to provide food, tents and mine clearance, etc. humanitarian goods.
In order to avoid sanctions against the Sudanese government, in order to make the United States no longer supports the Southern People's Liberation Army. Bombings in Kenya put bin Laden and his men about the deportation, confiscation of all his assets in Sudan. And inform the U.S. President Bill Clinton, Osama bin Laden left the Sudan, the time the aircraft and routes, the U.S. military to shoot down or forced to land if you want you will be with. Unexpectedly, the Clinton worried that, "Osama bin Laden will be killed without trial, to make themselves into a legal dispute, has been charged with murder." Block CIA actually make the aircraft as safe to fly bin Laden refuge in Afghanistan.
In addition, the Sudanese government ordered the detention of religious spiritual leader of Sudan Turabi.
But the U.S. long-term support of the Sudanese government is still disgruntled terrorist organizations, to continue to provide non-combat assistance to the People's Liberation Army.
Since 1996, the PLA has a powerful air defense weapons, shoulder-fired surface-Sam -14. Government forces seized from the hands of the PLA were about 50 -14 Sam.
February 26, 1996, government troops a C-130 was shot down on the 91 people aboard. March 19 was shot down a MiG -21, only one day after he Antonov -26 aircraft was shot down. On April 10, an AB-212 was shot down, the Sudan People's Liberation Army achieved victory in a battle, they destroyed more than a hundred government troops and destroyed by government forces supported by armed Uganda Lord's Resistance Army headquarters.
February 1997, the PLA captured Yei. 70 km from the town of Juba, Sudan Jun in Yei near the town of Bray, a mine safety and -24 when the machine was put in a missile hit, landing failed, crashed in Juba airport.
December 1997, sent an army special forces attempted to attack the Uganda People's Liberation Army camp, but the venture ended in defeat, all 70 members of special forces troops were killed. In addition, December 9, an F -7 was shot down, pilot killed.
December 1998, the Government's First Vice President Zubair - Muhammad - Saleh and 26 attendants aboard the aircraft skidded off the runway when landing at the Nasser, off Rusuobate river.
Government forces then launched a massive offensive, 1st Division in support of the Air Force attempts to undermine the People's Liberation Army in the southern Bahr el-Ghazal state social foundation. Government forces carried out brutal triphosgene policy, everywhere burning captivity. Millions of people forced to flee their homes, government forces attacked a large number of civilians, killed in shelling and bombing.
Just at that time, the terrible famine in the Sudan are taking place in Khartoum deliberately prevent humanitarian access, from February 4 to March 31, about 10 million civilians died of hunger.
More than a humanitarian disaster in Bosnia at that time. Under international pressure the Sudanese government agreed to facilitate humanitarian assistance.
However, within the next 3 years, the Sudanese government's Antonov bombers, transport aircraft modified regular bombing of humanitarian organizations in Sudan, humanitarian aid agencies, schools, churches and civilian targets. This is because the PLA has equipped with air defense missiles, air strikes costly, government forces have turned to bombing civilian targets. Want to force the civilian casualties in southern People's Liberation Army to make concessions.
April 4, 2001, the Sudanese defense minister and 13 senior officials traveled on aircraft crashed due to dust storms. The Defense Minister Ibrahim - Colonel Bashir Shams loyal supporters in the coup set off a lot. And over the years he has been to focus on all of the South on the battlefield, is very familiar with the southern battlefield. He and 13 senior officials of the death of one less rival People's Liberation Army, but it is a major blow to the Bashir government.
November 20, 2001, the PLA troops ambushed a squad of a transport fleet, killing 100 government troops, their only 2 killed, 16 injured.
January 23, 2002, government troops in the Nuba region's small-scale attack was repulsed, while the People's Liberation Army stationed in Wula Wu Sheng Shi attacked government forces base. Retaliation. Government forces Antonov aircraft dropped six to bomb a village. Killing two children. February 24, government troops in the two Mi -24 helicopter gunships to the United Nations Food Program is located in a village in the firing of rockets and machine guns supply center. 17 civilians and aid workers were killed and 100 injured.
This incident strongly condemned by the international community, the Western countries to increase pressure on President Bashir was forced to stop bombing civilian and humanitarian targets, and arrested the pilot trial, thirteen were executed pilot became the scapegoat. At the same time, ordered to seek reconciliation with the PLA.
March 29, 2002, government troops south of the oil-producing center Keni Er - Di stronghold captured by the PLA. 300 defenders died six armored vehicles and seized a number of firearms and ammunition were People's Liberation Army.
April 25, a People's Liberation Army commandos stormed a hundred people in northern Sudan Sheila's an airport, government troops destroyed 18 aircraft, including a number of Antonov transport aircraft. And killed 32 government soldiers, captured the base commander Ibrahim - Bushra - Ismail.
June 9, People's Liberation Army to lay in one fell swoop the capital of Eastern Equatoria Kapoeta, 200 government soldiers died. The remaining 3,000 troops fled into the desert, and most people die of thirst in the desert heat. The city fell to the northern headquarters of the South between government troops and the logistical supply line was cut off. Since then, government forces isolated strongholds in the south all have surrendered and the city's defenders. Outside the southern re-addition to Juba's Liberation Army into the hands of entirely.
The international community to condemn and pressure, coupled with the failure on the battlefield. November the Sudanese government agreed to negotiate with the People's Liberation Army. Finally, in the south Sudanese government agreed to autonomy. Withdrawal of government forces last enclave in the south of Juba, then stationed in the PLA. People's Liberation Army's war for autonomy achieved complete victory. Now divided into North and South Sudan, the two governments.
Now in southern Sudan, as oil development, the southern economy has made progress.
Government of the Sudan had supported a rebellion in Uganda and is involved in suppression of People's Liberation Army troops, "the Lord's Resistance Army", the Government and the People's Liberation Army in Sudan after the peace to become a castaway. Last year, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency and Uganda, Kenya and southern Sudan government forces (that is, the PLA) Collaborative, to crush the Lord's Resistance Army, has eliminated its majority.
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